There is a sect within the Brahmin community called Soundi Brahmins. They are one of the most ostracized and marginalized communities in Tamil Nadu as they perform the last rites for the departed. They live on the verges of poverty and literally survive on death.
But they come under the General Category or the so-called “Forward Caste” as they come under the larger umbrella of the Brahmin community.
Consider a hypothetical situation where a student belonging to this community manages to get a good score in a competitive exam but that score falls short of the General Category cut-off. On the other hand, there is another student belonging to the Other Backward Class (OBC) community, whose father is a Central government employee and mother a state government school principal, who has scored less than the Soundi Brahmin student but has crossed the cut-off of OBC.
The OBC student will get a seat through the OBC quota. But the reservation scheme that was present until now would deny the opportunity to the Soundi Brahmin student. Since that community neither has any voice nor has the ability to organize itself, they wear it as their fate and get on with their lives picking charred bones from the funeral pyre so that their kitchen stoves can be lit.
Reservation: A Tool Of Representation Or Affirmative Action?
Reservation is absolutely necessary for the underprivileged communities who for generations did not have access to education and employment opportunities.
At the same time, it is important that financial incapacity does not hamper the prospects of meritorious candidates.
Critics of the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) quota say that reservation is not a poverty alleviation programme but a constitutional tool to provide representation to the historically disadvantaged communities. But reservation shouldn’t be seen just as a tool of representation.
Reservation is affirmative action which means that the state is obliged to support any person who is disadvantaged – socially, educationally, or economically.
For the historically socially and educationally backward classes, there is a provision of reservation that will allow them to climb up the socio-economic ladder.
However, the economically backward unrepresented communities have hitherto had no provision to get state support.
The EWS quota would be a boon to the financially disadvantaged like the Soundi Brahmins who cannot get benefits under the existing reservation scheme.
Bringing About Real Social Justice
Tamil Nadu has a long history of rejecting quotas based on economic criteria.
The invincible MGR himself had to give up his idea of reservation based on economic criteria after he suffered a crushing defeat in the 1980 Lok Sabha elections. He later increased the quota for Backward Classes (BC) from 31% to 50% taking the total reservation pie to 69% that secured him a thumping win in the following Assembly Elections. The 69% reservation was later brought under the 9th Schedule of the Constitution by late AIADMK supremo Jayalalithaa making it sacrosanct.
Nobody has ever even thought of extending reservation based on economic criteria. Despite the issue gaining credence at the national level, the then Congress-led UPA government put the issue in the back burner by forming the Sinho Commission.
It was only in 2019 that the BJP-led NDA had the political will and brought in the Constitution (One Hundred and Third Amendment) Act that introduced 10% for economically weaker sections. All political parties except the DMK and its allies have supported the historical decision. Only the BJP, Dr. Krishnasamy’s Puthiya Tamilagam, John Pandian’s Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam, and GK Vasan’s Tamil Maanila Congress have come out in support of 10% EWS reservation in Tamil Nadu.
The Congress as usual is confused with its local leadership in Tamil Nadu defying the stance of national leadership.
But the recent Supreme Court ruling upholding the constitutional validity of the 10% quota for economically weaker sections has dealt a blow to Dravidian parties and their local allies in Tamil Nadu.
Parties such as the DMK, VCK, PMK, and other fringe outfits such as the NTK and MDMK spread lies and misinformation that EWS quota will benefit only Brahmins who comprise less than 3% of the state population. These parties question why they (Brahmins) require reservation when they are already socially and educationally forward.
Contrary to the popular perception created by Dravidian Stockists and a section of the Tamil media that only Brahmins will benefit, the 10% quota for economically weaker sections (EWS) will benefit around 79 castes in Tamil Nadu, including a section of Christians and Muslims.
Here is a list of communities, that will benefit out of EWS – Arcot Mudaliar, Vellala Mudaliar, Sivachariyar, Odhuvar, Chettiyar, Vellalars, Balija Naidu, Reddiyar, Adi Saiva, Veera Saiva, Anglo Indians, 6 Christian communities Roman Catholic Christians, Upper Caste Christian Converts, and around 10 Muslims communities like Dawood, Mir, Lebbai, Rawther, etc.
The Dravidian Model Of Fradulent Social Justice
Many of the DMK Ministers and senior leaders themselves belong to the communities that will benefit out of EWS – PTR Palanivel Thiagarajan (Thondai Mandala Vellalar), KN Nehru (Reddiyar), KKSSR Ramachandran (Reddiyar), P. Sekarbabu (Kammavar), RS Bharathi (Mudaliar) to name a few.
But the party has been opposing the EWS tooth and nail. In fact, many belonging to the above mentioned castes are unhappy about this blind opposition to EWS as they feel that the DMK is trying to deny reservation for their community.
An anecdotal reference notes that members of these communities who fall under general category are being asked to get BC/MBC certificate by mentioning a similar caste.
For example, there are many Naidu castes – Kamma Naidu, Balija Naidu, Gavara Naidu and so on. While Kammavar or Kamma Naidu and Balija Naidu fall under General Category, they are being asked to mention themselves as Gavara Naidu and get BC certificate to get reservation benefits. This ubiquitous fraud that has been normalized is what is the Dravidian Model of social justice.
By opposing the EWS quota, the DMK and its allies are not only denying the reservation benefits to the financially disadvantaged in General Category but is also denying genuine OBC candidates who need reservation.
Are The So-Called Backward Really Backward?
During the Nayakkar rule of what is now known as Tamil Nadu, the entire region was divided into Palayams and ruled by Palayakkars. There were Palayakkar rulers from various Tamil castes. For example, Maravars, who features in the current MBC list of the Tamil Nadu government, ruled Palayams in and around Sivagangai regions. Among the notable Maravars who ruled the Palayams in the Sivagangai regions were Rani Velu Nachiar, Singampatti Jameendhar, Kadambur Jameendhars, and others.
So, why should a ruling class like the Maravars be granted reservation, especially under the Most Backward Class (MBC) category? Members of this caste are proud to claim that they were once the ruling class. How can they be considered socially backward class for reservation if they were the ruling class?
Maravars are not the only ones who claim to be the ruling class while enjoying reservation benefits intended for socially backward classes.
MBC communities also includes the Kambalathu Nayakkars and Thottiya Nayakkars castes, who were once the Palayakkars of Nilakottai and Ettayapuram Palayams. Kattabomman is a well-known ruler from this caste.
Vanniyars who identify themselves as Cholas, Pallavas, or Agni Kula Kshatriyas are also included in the MBC category. Nadars, who was once hailed by late Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J Jayalalitha as the descendants of Chera, Chozha, and Pandyas, are also given Backward Class (BC) reservation.
Barghava Kula Udayar caste, who claim that they have had matrimonial alliances with Chozhas were also given BC reservations. BC reservation is given to Agamudayars, who claim to be the royal descendants of Maruthu Pandiars (Maruthu Brothers). Muthraiyars and Gounders, who claim to be the descendants of Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar and Theeran Chinnamalai king respectively, are also granted BC status. Kallars and Vaandayars, once the ruling class, also enjoy BC status in Tamil Nadu.
When these ruling classes are given reservation in Tamil Nadu, why shouldn’t it be given to the 79 classes mentioned in the General Category in Tamil Nadu? It should be noted that Muslims who ruled India for 700 years are given a special reservation under the category BCM (BC Muslims) in Tamil Nadu.
Can Income Be Made A Criterion For State Support?
It is worth noting that the parties like DMK, VCK, PMK, and others that advocated for raising the OBC Non-Creamy layer annual income ceiling to ₹25 lakhs are opposing the ₹8 lakhs ceiling set for the EWS category.
Though parties, such as the DMK, are opposed to income-based EWS reservations, Tamil Nadu has used income as a criterion in many affirmative action policies. Understanding them and their implications have become critical for evidence-based reservation policy.
In Tamil Nadu, many affirmative action policies choose beneficiaries based not only on caste and religion but also on income. For example, religious minorities, Backward Classes (BC), Most Backward Classes (MBC), and Denotified Communities (DC) are all eligible for pre-matriculation scholarships. The annual scholarship amount ranges from ₹200 for MBCs and BCs to ₹10,000 for religious minorities. The scholarship criteria vary as well: for BCs and religious minorities, it is restricted to beneficiaries whose parents’ income is less than ₹1 lakh. There are no such conditions in the MBC or DC.
However, under the post-matric scholarship policy, religious minorities can receive an annual scholarship of up to ₹13,800 per year, provided that the beneficiary’s parents’ annual income (from all sources) does not exceed ₹2 lakh. The post-matric scholarship for BCs and MBCs is ₹500 per year, but the income limit for parents is stricter — it cannot exceed ₹1 lakh.
Disadvantaged Groups (DG) and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) are entitled to 25% of seats in private non-minority schools under the “Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act” . Thus, 1.08 lakh seats in Tamil Nadu are set aside for beneficiaries and are provided at no cost. Tamil Nadu has set a ₹2 lakh annual family income cap as the eligibility requirement for EWS seats, irrespective of community.
Using income as a criterion is clearly well established in reservation policy. Because government resources are limited, using a benchmark of family income helps select those who are most deserving of assistance. This is especially important in a state like Tamil Nadu, where OBCs make up 76% of the population, SCs 20%, and STs 1%.
It is critical to comprehend the implications and actual outcomes of these various reservation policies at the caste and community levels. Consistent data collection and evidence-building of reservation policies would ensure the successful achievement of social justice goals.
The government has set the ₹8 lakh income limit for EWS based on the same criteria used for determining OBC creamy layer.
EWS Quota: A Step Towards Discrimination-Less Society
EWS quota is not just about providing support to the economically weaker sections. The EWS quota will also help break the stigma associated with reservations as reservation has always been related with caste and a section of the people look down upon those who come through quota.Thus, the EWS quota is also a progressive step towards a caste discrimination-less society.
The EWS quota is the last piece in the puzzle to make way for a truly just reservation system that recognizes merit as well as representation.
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