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DMK and VCK goons attack IMK leader Arjun Sampath, prevent him from paying respects to Babasaheb Ambedkar

Cadres belonging to the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and Thol. Thirumavalavan’s Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) gheraoed and tried to prevent Indu Makkal Katchi head Arjun Sampath from paying respects to Babasaheb Ambedkar’s statue at the memorial located in Raja Annamalai Puram in Chennai.

A group of VCK and DMK cadres wearing blue shirt and black t-shirts had locked the gates and kept shouting slogans like “We will uproot Sanatana Dharmam, we will eradicate saffron” while aggressively charging at the IMK members who had come to pay respects to Babasaheb Ambedkar on the occasion of his death anniversary. Many members belonging to the DMK carrying DMK flags were also present at the venue.

Two members belonging to Muslim community bearing VCK’s flag allegedly tried to snatch Arjun Sampath’s saffron shawl that was worn around his neck.

A few members belonging to ‘Periyarist’ organizations and Communists surrounded the IMK leader and kept raising inciting slogans.

One of the members can be heard saying that those who chant ‘Bharath Mata ki Jai’ will never be allowed inside.

However, Arjun Sampath along with cadres of the IMK managed to get inside with the help of police and paid respects to Dr. Ambedkar’s statue.

Speaking to The Commune, Arjun Sampath said “These so called flagbearers of social justice are practicing a kind of untouchability by preventing me from paying respects to Babasaheb. They should be ashamed of themselves to use Babasaheb’s name. He is not a leader of the VCK or the DMK. He is a leader for all Indians”

He added that such undemocratic and ruthless behaviour of VCK and DMK goons will not prevent them and that they would be visiting 5 places where Ambedkar’s statue has been kept to pay respects.

“IMK follows the principle of Babasaheb where as these VCK goons follow the principles of EVR [known as ‘Periyar’ by his followers]”, the IMK leader said.

He said that the VCK head should monitor and control his cadres who are bringing disrepute to Babasaheb’s name. He also urged the Tamil Nadu government to take action against such miscreants added that the IMK is always ready to engage with the VCK on forums of dialogue and not in violence.

Shri Dharmendra Pradhan gives “Innovate for India” mantra to the Scientific Community; asks them to create competitive advantage for India

Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas and Steel Dharmendra Pradhan has appealed to the scientific community to Innovate for India (I4I) and create competitive advantage to make India Aatmanirbhar. Speaking at the curtain raiser for the 6th India International Science Festival 2020, being organized by the Ministries of Science & Technology, Earth Sciences, Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, he called upon the scientists to create products and services which can compete with the best in the world. The theme of the event was “Self-reliant India and Global Welfare.”

Underling the role of science and innovation in the development of any society, Minister Pradhan said that the COVID19 pandemic has once again demonstrated that we have to develop and strengthen our institutional and industrial capacity in scientific knowledge and innovation in all areas. Outlining Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’, he said an Aatmanirbhar Bharat is a Bharat which does not only fulfills its own requirements but also is a beacon of hope for the global community, true to the spirit of ‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbukam.’

Minister Pradhan said that India’s strive to achieve self-reliance cannot be possible without the appropriate use of science and technology for economic development and societal benefit. Through a robust R&D ecosystem, we could develop state-of-the art products and services, make existing systems and processes more efficient. He appealed to the scientific community to integrate India’s rich ancient legacy in advanced scientific concepts and mathematics with modern scientific methods of investigation, to unravel the secrets behind many of these practices and scientifically establish them.

Appreciating the scientific community for driving India’s stride in various areas like space exploration, agriculture, Pharma, the Minister appealed to them to work even more towards solving real life industry and social problems.

Not just a municipal election: Telangana’s political landscape is changing

With the dust settling in for the GHMC elections and polling numbers coming in, the true scale of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) victory is further baffling many analysts. The GHMC limits are split into 6 zones – and the BJP is the only party to have won at least 1 seat in each of the 6 zones. The ruling Telangana Rashtra Samiti (TRS) did not win a single seat in the Charminar zone. The TRS won 33 out of the 55 seats from just two zones – Kukatpally and Serlingampally; and remaining 22 are spread over the other 3 zones.

However, there is one more statistic that is very devastating for the TRS party. The GHMC area covers 24 MLA constituencies. The TRS did not win a single ward in a whopping 13 of these constituencies. In contrast, the BJP won at least 1 ward in 18 of these constituencies. This is a huge leap from its disastrous performance in both the 2009 and 2016 GHMC elections.

Source: Ee Nadu

Though the above graphic is in Telugu (sourced from Ee Nadu), it is easy to get an overview based on the colours and symbols of the party. The numbers represent the wards won by that party in each assembly constituency. There is yet another interesting statistic that needs to be observed.

Except for the Jubilee Hills constituency, the TRS did not win a single ward seat in any of the 10 constituencies that the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) won wards in! Though the TRS and MIM have been telling that they are not in alliance, these numbers tell a very different story!

This loss for the TRS is largely due to the bungling of many local issues. Fresh in the memory of people is the tardy response of the state government to the unprecedented Hyderabad floods that struck the city recently. The Chief Minister did not even bother to visit the affected areas. A cash incentive of ₹10,000 was announced but the distribution was so tardy and riddled with so much controversy that nothing useful came out of the whole exercise. The general inaccessibility of many corporators (43 of sitting corporators lost in this elections), their continuing influence over land grabbing and corruption (even the Mayor was entangled in serious allegations of land grabbing) contributed a lot to this defeat.

In addition to these local factors, there was also widespread discussion on certain state level factors – such as the tightening grip of the family rule in Telangana; the shoddy response to the COVID testing right from the beginning of the crisis, and the general arrogance of the TRS leadership in dealing with questions and criticism.

The BJP was smart enough to deftly handle both the local and state level issues in this campaign. Even though they had only 10 days to decide on the candidates and strategies – the BJP’s aggressive campaign hit the right chords at many places. Whilst highlighting the local issues and potential solutions to them, the BJP also played well at highlighting the arrogance of the TRS leadership (primarily the family of K. Chandrasekhara Rao!). The entire state leadership was focused only on this election – and this is the first time they had multiple star campaigners because of which the party was able to cover larger area with greater impact.

The party of course benefitted from the experience of its national leadership too. With Shri Bhupender Yadav overseeing the election, it was apparent how serious the central leadership was taking this election. Campaigns by Amit Shah, J.P.Nadda, Yogi Adityanath, Smriti Irani, Tejasvi Surya, etc bolstered the cadre like never before.

The TRS didn’t back down a bit on this front – the entire state cabinet was involved in the campaigning. Nearly all the 100 MLAs of the TRS were also involved in the campaigning. KCR’s son KT Rama Rao was in charge of the whole exercise – and therefore this loss stings more than ever. Slowly and surely, the BJP has occupied the principal opposition space in Telangana now. It remains to be seen how the party will take this position forward.

By the way, there has been one more casualty because of this election. The state Congress President, Uttam Kumar Reddy, has finally resigned after the disastrous performance of the party. Within hours of him resigning, multiple groups within the party have begun lobbying for the post based on caste compositions. Until the Congress party comes out of this ridiculous groupism and age-old strategies, there is no hope left of revival of that party!

This is also the first time that the TRS has lost a position of power after the formation of the Telangana state in 2014. With TRS losing the public mandate in GHMC, the focus has now shifted towards electing the Mayor. The TRS needed 67 seats to win the Mayor seat on its own. They now have no option but to ally with the MIM to retain the Mayor seat in GHMC.

 

DMK MP A.Raja derogates late AIADMK leader Jayalalithaa on her death anniversary, calls CM EPS in singular

DMK MP from Nilgiris and 2G spectrum corruption accused A. Raja on the occasion of death anniversary of former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa, made crass and derogatory remarks on her by calling the late leader as ‘Aatha’ derogatarily while speaking at a press meet.

Couple of days ago, Chief Minister Edappadi K Palaniswami during a press meet mentioned about DMK’s cases of corruption like the 2G spectrum case, Sarkaria Commission mentioning the party as one that indulged in scientific corruption, etc. Speaking about the 2G spectrum case CM Palaniswami said “2G spectrum case.. The biggest scam ever. A corruption to the tune of Tamil Nadu’s entire budget. He had said “everyone knows where A. Raja will be if the 2G case comes to a conclusion”.

A. Raja, who was the Telecom Minister in the Congress-led UPA regime is one of the prime accused along with DMK MP and the party’s women’s wing secretary Kanimozhi in the 2G spectrum corruption case that resulted in an estimated loss of ₹1,76,000 to the state exchequer. Though they have been acquitted by the special CBI court in Delhi, they are likely to be dragged to the Supreme Court in the next few weeks.

In response to this, on December 3, DMK MP A. Raja who is also a Deputy General Secretary of the party challenged CM Edappadi K. Palaniswami for a open debate in the presence of media at Fort. St. George (Tamil Nadu Secretariat).

“Your ‘Amma’ [Jayalalithaa] is a convict. ₹100 crores was seized from your Amma. ₹10 crores was seized from your Chinnamma [Sasikala]. The same Chinnama whose feet you licked and became Chief Minister is still in jail. The judgement says that Chinnamma is not the main convict but was made one by ‘Periya’ Amma [elder-referring to Jayalalithaa. Despite the you accuse of DMK, Stalin and 2G which is not appropriate. Either apologize or call me for a open debate at the Fort”, Raja said during the press meet on December 3.

Again on December 6, while meeting the press after participating in a protest against the farmer empowerment laws Raja spoke about the Chief Minister in a disrespectful manner. He said “I had called him [CM Palaniswami] for a debate 3 days back. You [media] please go ask him about Raja’s challenge. Please ask him if he is not ashamed. Tell him it doesn’t seem to befit the position he holds and urge him to call me for a debate.”

Responding to a reporters question, Raja said “Enforcement Directorate did not ask me anything. Who asked me? Who spoke about 2G corruption, Sarkaria commission? ED? Who spoke? You [in singular] only told right? CM only told right? I had told that we never did any corruption, we are not a corrupt party, we have the judgement, I told. I told that you only had indulged in corruption. I told that your ‘Aatha’ [in a derogatory slang] did corruption and went to jail.”

The DMK MP went on to call the late AIADMK supremo Jayalalithaa as “an unforgivable bandit who abused and murdered the Constitution” adding that she called Sasikala, Sudhakaran, Ilavarasi to her home to create shell companies and swindle money through them. Raja said that Jayalalithaa was an ‘asingam’ [a disgusting thing] in politics.

“You guys are running around with that “Aatha’s” photo. What is the meaning of that? Does it mean that you will also indulge in corruption like your “Aatha”.” DMK leader A. Raja asked and left.

The DMK leader even shared this video as a tweet with the caption “ஆத்தா மாதிரியே ஊழல்” (Corrupt just like Aatha)

Many DMK leaders like TRB Raaja too followed suit.

https://twitter.com/TRBRajaa/status/1335273939304476672

These distasteful remarks of A. Raja calling CM Palaniswami in singular and derogating the late leader Jayalalithaa has not gone down well with the general public. Many say that Raja’s remark is an expression of his fear about the 2G case being speeded up and the entry of Rajini into politics.

DMK leader A.Raja is not only know for being the prime accused in the 2G case but is also know for his foul language. Earlier, in a public meeting, he lambasted at a fellow cadre of the DMK and called him a ‘dog’ for raising slogans in the middle of his speech.

All States choose special borrowing window to meet the GST implementation shortfall

gst registration rates pm modi insurance premium

All the 28 States and 3 Union Territories with legislature have decided to go for Option-1 to meet the revenue shortfall arising out of the GST implementation. Jharkhand, the only remaining State, has now communicated its acceptance of Option-1. All the 3 Union Territories with Legislative Assembly who are members of the GST council have already decided in favour of Option-1.

The Government of India has set up a special borrowing window for the States & Union Territories who choose Option-1 to borrow the amount of shortfall arising out of GST implementation. The window has been operationalised since 23rd October, 2020 and the Government of India has already borrowed an amount of Rs.30,000 crore on behalf of the States in five instalments and passed it on to the States and Union Territories, who chose Option-1. Now the State of Jharkhand will also receive funds raised through this window starting from the next round of borrowing. The next instalment of Rs.6,000 crore will be released to the States/UTs on 7th December, 2020.

Under the terms of Option-1, besides getting the facility of a special window for borrowings to meet the shortfall arising out of GST implementation, the States are also entitled to get unconditional permission to borrow the final instalment of 0.50% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) out of the 2% additional borrowings permitted by the Government of India, under Atma Nirbhar Abhiyaan on 17th May, 2020. This is over and above the Special Window of Rs.1.1 lakh crore. On receipt of the choice of Option-1, the Government of India has granted additional borrowing permission of Rs.1,765 crore to the State Government of Jharkhand (0.50 % of Jharkhand’s GSDP).

The amount of additional borrowing permission granted to 28 States and the amount of funds raised through special window and released to the States and Union Territories so far is annexed.

(Published from PIB)

Protests behind Aarey funded by Church, LRO investigations reveal

In yet another expose, the Legal Rights Observatory (LRO), an NGO-watch working in the area of national security and human rights, has found that the Bombay Salesian Society, which is connected with Don Bosco, has been involved in nurturing protests against developments projects of the government.

According to the investigations by LRP, the Bombay Salesian Society Don Bosco received ₹10.19 crores in donations in the last year alone and ₹176 crores in the last 10 years. It further alleged that the missionary organization had created a shadow organization called ‘Vana Shakti’ to oppose the construction of a car shed in Aarey area of Mumbai.

Along with Vana Shakti, another organization named Greenline, a subsidiary of ‘Salesians of Don Bosco’ having its office in Don Bosco School, Matunga also engaged in protests against the Aarey metro car shed.

LRO stated that Saint Stanislaus School in Bandra, which is affiliated with Don Bosco, had forced the parents of the school to to sign a letter against the construction of car shed and also had forced the kids studying in the Church funded schools to participate in protests. The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) had directed the education department of (BMC) to probe into the school’s role.

The LRO further went on to add in its tweet thread that back in 1992, the Church had tried to oppose the construction of Konkan Railways but had failed miserably.

Former Union Rural Development Minister Jairam Ramesh once accused Caritas India, another organization affiliated to the Salesians involved in religious conversions.

In light of this, the LRO has

A systematic attempt to defame India is being carried out internationally. These Christian missionaries are looking for ways to prod their noses into political and social issues. The latest allegations reveal how important it is to monitor foreign financial aid to prevent some NGOs from using them for anti-national activities.

“Another Nambi Narayanan must not be made”: Kamal Haasan comes out in support of Anna Univ VC Surappa

Filmmaker and Makkal Needhi Maiam head Kamal Haasan has come out in support of Anna University Vice Chancellor M.K. Surappa who is being witch-hunted by both the AIADMK and the DMK for refusing to bow down to political pressure.

Kamal Hasan in a video message said that Surappa was a honest man who who refused to give in to authoritative pressure.

“He wanted to elevate the quality of education standard in engineering in Thamizh Nadu. But will out ‘corrupt collective’ let that happen?” Kamal Haasan said adding that they [the Dravidian parties] break anyone who do not bend to their will.

Kamal Haasan lashed out at the AIADMK government saying that an enquiry commission was formed based on an anonymous letter of a ‘spineless coward’ and asked if enquiry has been done on former Vice Chancellor E. Balaguruswami’s allegations about Minister for the Department of Higher Education demanding bribes of ₹60 lakhs for the appointment of professors.

“The Ministers for Department of Local Governance, Department of Animal Husbandry, Department of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Milk and Dairy Development are corrupt, exclaimed social commentators, the media, and the opposition parties every day. Have you enquired that?”, Kamal Haasan asks in the video.

The MNM head also asked if action has been taken against the illegal occupants and those who have misused Anna University’s vehicles.

Kamal Hasan said that it was the duty of the educator to conduct examinations and what was the need for politicians to poke their nose into it.

“Are those who bought votes trying to buy students with marks?”, Kamal hits out  at the ruling AIADMK’s announcement to declare all students having arrears to pass without having the need to write exams.

Kamal Haasan said that while he may differ with Surappa’s policy bias and political ideology, he won’t remain a spectator if an honest man is hunted down.

Kamal said “This isn’t the problem between just an educator and politicians. The war is between an honest individual and a collection of corrupt politicians”, in a veiled attack at both the AIADMK and DMK.

He said that the witch-hunt unleashed on Surappa is a message that they will destroy one’s life if they refuse to indulge in corruption.

“We will spread false information and will deform your identity is the threat to Surappa and other such honest officials. From Sagayam to Santhosh Babu, the list of victims to corrupt politician is huge.” Kamal said in the video.

“We must not let this continue anymore. We must not create another Nambi Narayanan” Kamal said referring to how the former ISRO scientist was witch-hunted by the then Communist government in Kerala and urged those who wished to stand by truth to speak up.

The recent attack on MK Surappa started with DMK Youth Wing Secretary ‘actor’ Udhayanidhi Stalin launched a tirade against the Anna University Chancellor who was helping Anna University get the ‘Institute of Eminence’ tag that would up the standards of the college.

The AIADMK too toed the DMK’s line with respect to the ‘IoE’ tag. Following this, Minister for Higher Education K.P. Anbalagan launched a series of attacks on the Vice Chancellor.

 

 

 

 

 

Decades long arduous struggle bears fruition, 7 sub-sects of SC to be regrouped as Devendrakula Vellalars

devendrakula vellalar puthiya tamilagam chief hindu nation

Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Edappadi K Palaniswami on Tuesday (December 4) announced that the State Government would be recommending to the Central Government to include the seven Scheduled Caste sub-sects — Pallar, Kudumbar, Kadaiyar, Pannadi, Kaaladi, Vadhiriyar, and Devendrakulathar  — in the Devendrakula Vellalar community.

CM Palaniswami said that the decision has been taken based on the recommendations of the committee set up to look into the matter.

A committee headed by Dr. S. Sumathi, Professor and Head of Anthropology Department, Madras University was set up to look into the matter following a request made to Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Edappadi Palanisami.

Even after the committee submitted its report to the Tamil Nadu government, there were complaints that the Tamil Nadu government was delaying sending it to the central government. Meanwhile, another one-man commission headed by IAS officer Hansraj Verma submitted a report to the Tamil Nadu government.

The Devendrakula Vellalars have been asking for regrouping of Pallar, Pannadi, Kudumbar, Kaaladi, Kadaiyar, Mooppar/Vadhiriyar and Devendrakulathar under one title –  ‘Devendra Kula Vellalar’. Parties like Puthiya Tamilagam headed by Dr. Krishnaswamy have also asked for the removal of the community from the list of Scheduled Caste.

However, Chief Minister Palaniswami said that the Devendra Kula Vellalars would continue to stay in Scheduled Caste list considering their current socio-economic status and that they would continue to receive the benefits meant for the Scheduled Castes.

Dr. Krishnaswamy, founder head of Puthiya Tamilagam party called it another milestone in the history of the party. In his statement, he said that Puthiya Tamilagam has been fighting for the last 30 years to unite the 7 sub-sects under one name and be called as Devendrakula Vellalars. However, he added that the ultimate aim was to get delisted from the Scheduled Caste.

“Since 2017, we have been waging a series of intensified struggles. Following this, a committee headed by Hansraj Verma, a senior IAS officer in the Government of Tamil Nadu, was set up to look into our request and submit a report to the Government. Even after the committee submitted its report, the State Government continued to procrastinate, and on October 6, a hunger strike was held in more than 10,000 villages across Tamil Nadu on behalf of the Puthiya Tamilagam Party.”, Dr. Krishnaswamy said.

A hunger strike was held on October 6 in 10,000 villages inhabited by Devendrakula Vellalar farmers spearheaded by Puthiya Tamilagam Party asking for the removal of the community from the Scheduled Caste list and also for the regrouping of the community as ‘Devendrakula Vellalars’. The hashtag #RemoveUsFromSceduledCaste said to be initiated by the party’s youth wing leader Dr. Shyam Krishnaswamy trended for the day. However, this massive agitation got scanty media coverage in both Tamil and national media.

“We are not putting forward demands asking for salary raise or bonuses or lowering prices. A society that lived in a state of nobility and their own land to invaders was mistakenly included in the Depressed Classes during British rule.

“Knowing the past history of the community, instead of improving their living status by giving them their rightful land and education, the community was pushed into abyss by listing under the Scheduled Caste.” Dr. Krishnaswamy says.

He remarked saying that the state government’s efforts should be a ‘full moon’ and not end up as a ‘crescent’.

Remembering Jayalalithaa: The strong-willed lady who left too early

It was a fine day in the year 1984 when the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came to Rajya Sabha. Seat number 185 which was Anna Durai’s seat in 1963 was occupied by an actress elected to the Rajya Sabha from Tamil Nadu. It was her turn to make her maiden speech as a Member of Parliament. Majority opinion in the house was fixated as ‘an actress who became MP due to her being in the good books of MGR’.

Any parliamentarian would least expect an actress to give a sensational oration. The speech was about the electricity crisis of Tamil Nadu laden with facts, content and immaculate diction.

Indira Gandhi was stunned and the Deputy Chairman of the House PJ Kurien said “she’s from the cinema world and nobody expected such a serious speech “. Parliamentarians praised her as “beauty with brains”.

Even though she had the luxury of support and political grooming from MGR there was no escape route for her than to face the patriarchy and betrayal which is the unsaid norm of politics.

Actors and actress today in Tamil Nadu believe that popularity will help them to get established in politics. Little are they aware that administration is a separate ball game and requires a separate part of the brain with exceptional skills.  The late Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Selvi. Jayalalithaa truly was one. A bold, fierce and an unapologetic leader who did no appeasement politics. This is what made her a leader with an iron hand in true sense.

One such example is the walk-out by Jayalalithaa during the National Development Council meeting in 2013. When all the Chief Ministers were given 10 minutes of duration to speak on the issues concerning their respective states, she expressed her dissatisfaction and walked out of the meeting. She proved that she can puncture any central government if it exploited the federal principles.

On the other hand, she extended all her support when it came to national interest. She was a pioneer in dismantling the Naxal apparatus in forest ranges of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. A clear nationalist who was against the ceding of Kaatchatheevu to Sri Lanka also gave her support to the construction of Ram Mandir.  She said and I quote “If we cannot build a temple for Ram in India, then where else do we build?“. She was in favour of Uniform Civil Code in 2003 with a belief that it would ensure equality to all citizens. She promised that the AIADMK would extend unconditional support to UCC and there is no doubt that her team will stand by her words.

She focused on keeping Tamil Nadu as a balanced welfare state and made the state “Detroit of Asia”. From cradle scheme to rain water harvesting her intelligence reflected in her innovative schemes. Amma Unavagam was applauded not only within the country but also won accolades from across the world. Egyptian government had travelled to Chennai to study the model and implement it in their country. Her personality and leadership made leaders like Hillary Clinton across the world to visit her when she was in office.

They say “Yatha Raja Tattha Praja” (Like the king, so the people). Her presence gave a strong sense of security to the Tamils. However her demise has been exploited by creating restlessness and insecurity in the state by multiple social activists, political commentators, actors and media. Jayalalithaa, a daughter of India was Amma to millions of Tamils. Her contribution to Tamil Nadu will be spoken for ages to come.

(Views expressed here are the author’s own)

(Feature image credits: India Today)

US cancels 5 Chinese-funded cultural exchange programmes

In a big jolt to China, the United States (US)’ Department of State headed by Michael Pompeo has decided to terminate five Chinese-funded cultural exchange programs, calling them Beijing’s propaganda tools, reports Economic Times.

Announcing the decision via a statement, Secretary Pompeo said that these programs conducted under a US law called the MECEA allowed US Government employees to travel using foreign Government funds under the garb of “cultural exchanges”.

Secretary Pompeo added that while the other programs funded under MECEA are mutually beneficial, the five programs which have now been terminated were fully funded and operated by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as soft power propaganda tools.

Secretary Pompeo also shared that the five programs provided carefully curated access to the officials of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and not to the Chinese people who do not enjoy freedoms of speech and assembly.

It should be noted that over the recent years, the relationship between China and the US has been going through rough weathers troubled by trade woes, US’ growing closeness to Taiwan, issues related to China’s actions in Hong Kong, handling of COVID-19 virus and its origin and more.